Based on your description I would say I had a similar problem a couple of years ago.
My truck would be running fine and then 'lose power' like you described. I could mash the go pedal to the floor and the truck just would not respond. I could not replicate the problem at will (it would come and go with no clues as to why) so when I took it to my mechanic he checked for codes and there were none. After much discussion we decided the VP44 was going bad so it was replaced. On the drive home immediately after that repair, the 'no power' condition occurred again. It stayed in its 'no power' condition long enough for me to limp it back to his shop. Again, no codes. He connected his 'Star Scan' tool (I think that's what it is) and we drove around so he could analyze the problem. During this he found that the truck computer was reading 0 PSI boost even though my gauge showed 1-2 PSI. We swapped out the boost sensor (it might also be known by some other name) and that fixed the problem. When the computer thought there was no boost, it simply did not allow additional fueling (this is my understanding). The problem has never happened again.
In short, I replaced an expensive part unnecessarily when an inexpensive part was the culprit. Sometimes you just don't know. I hope this info helps someone.