Not sure what you mean by "full screen on the oil pickup or has a bypass. " but it looks like the lift pump is fairly simple in operation. I have the manual on this if you want to, drop me an E-mail with your FAX number. I can send you a fax of this section its a 2 pager.
The E-clip your talking about ended up where???? If it ended up in the fuel line then you'll probably find it sitting in your fuel filter somewhere. If the E-clip your talking about is the one operating the lift pump arm off the cam shaft..... looks like it entered the lubricating system. I can't tell where that sucker could have ended up. I even pulled out the Cummins manual . . nada.
Sounds like a call into Cummins or Chrysler to be sure!!!!!!!(try 1-800- Diesels (343-7357) or their website)
As for why you were still able to drive, probably because your fuel pump is still operating and doing all the work, but probably not at peak performance. Thats the beauty of our diesels, they are almost bullet proof. The engines can have several issues but they still keep putting out. Ya gotta love it!!!
Good luck and let us know how it turns out!!!