Posi-trac
With all of the information on this site about engines and transmissions there seems to be a lack of information and
understanding about axles and differentials.
To start with an open differential supplies equal torque to
both axles all the time, give or take for frictional losses. While
this sounds good this is where traction problems start. If your
truck has one side on dry pavement and the other side on ice
the side on the dry pavement only gets the same amount as
the tire thats on the ice and sometimes that is not enough to
get things moving.
A limited slip differential, and there are many different kinds,
uses some kind of a friction device, usually clutches, to give a
biased torque to the side with the most traction up to the
capacity of the clutches. Some can be set up differently
depending upon the application so that the clutch pack can
be more aggressive and have a higher capacity, typically for
rear axles, and smoother less aggressive set up with less
capacity for a front axle application. Not all limited slips have
this tuning ability as they were never intended for front axles.
The majority of limited slip designs use clutches and require
some kind of friction modifier be added to the gear lube to
prevent chattering.
Lockers rely on dog clutches to function, in straight ahead
operation they are essentially a spool and only when they
are going around a corner do they unlock the inside axle
to allow different speeds in order to allow turns to be made
without the tires slipping. If an axle is removed or broken no
speed difference can exist between sides so the differential can't unlock. Some of the problems that can happen with a
locker that can cause it to unlock are severly low air pressure
in one tire or different size tires on the same axle. If there
is a difference in tire height but not enough to unlock the differential premature tire wear will occur. The use of a locker
in a front axle normally precludes the use of the vehicle on
paved roads and even off-road only vehicles may have problems
with a locker in the front axle especially with wide wheels.
Spools or welded differentials are normally a race only item
and should only be considered when you know what you are
getting into.
This is a short and somewhat simplified explanation of differentials but I hope it helps in understanding what is
going on underneath our vehicles.
Gus