To answer your second question, DEF by itself does not improve FE. It allows the reduction of EGR and for the timing to be set more toward optimum performance. It just enables the exhaust to be cleaned up on the back end. I'm sure you remember some of the cars from the early '70's with their driveability problems, low power, and single-digit fuel economy. The use of the catalytic converter and unleaded gas solved a lot of those issues.