Yes, there are ways to check on how much refrigerant you have. The only way that really works is to get a set of AC guages and a good thermometer and check the pressures. You need the pressure/temp charts and the thermo to know what the pressures should be.
As for bombing the AC, yes, there ways to bomb the AC as well. Some may or may not be legal in your state, but most are fine according to the EPA, etc.
R134a is a so-so refrigerant, not nearly as efficient as the old R12 that supposedly destroys the ozone layer. Consequently, condensers (the radiator up front) and evaporaters (the radiator under the dash) have to bigger, etc. Well, it turns out that there are a number of alternative refrigerants available that are more efficient than R134a. Some of the best are so-called HC or Hydrocarbon refrigerants. A few of the commercially available brands are "Envirosafe", "Duracool", and OZ Technology's HC-12a.
So, what are they, really? Well, generally just mixtures of various hydrocarbons, usually propane and isobutane. What, you say? Propane and butane are highly flammable! Yup, in the right concentrations with air, but they make dandy refrigerants and are used all over the world as such without incident (it's way less dangerous than the 20 gallons of gas people haul around in most cars).
And, it turns out, R134a can be highly flamable under some conditions as well, and it's really poisonous nasty stuff too.
Anyway, the EPA says it's OK to convert R134a systems to HC's (not R12 though, you first have to convert those to R134a, then decide to go to HC - usual gov't weirdness).
Hmmm, I seem to have drifted a bit there. The bottom line is, that you really need a guage set, etc. to check your refrigerant level (probably easier to go to an AC shop and get it checked). You can try just adding some R134a, but if it's not low, you could overcharge it and risk high pressures and blowing seals, etc. (way more costly than paying the pro to check it).
-cj