If it doesn't have a standing pilot - the sensor you are talking about could be a 'flame sensor'. I'm not an HVAC guy, but I've learned a lot about that stuff here on the TDR.
Here's the startup sequence (on my furnace, anyhow... yours will be sorta similar to this):
1) 'Stat calls for heat
2) Draft inducer (if so equipped... ) fires off
3) Spark (or hot surface... ) ignitor fires off
4) Pilot flame ignites
5) Flame sensor verifies good pilot ignition
6) Flame sensor causes gas valve to open for main ignition - then it's mucho gas/flame time!
Step 4 doesn't happen in other furnaces - just my old Carrier.

Step 5 happens after main ignition on other furnaces... if the flame sensor is dirty/bad - main ignition won't last very long.
Sometimes you can clean the flame sensor with some steel wool or light sandpaper. On my furnace... the pilot light orifice was clogged up with crud since the non-standing pilot light was inadequate - causing the ignitor to continue to operate and therefore - the furnace never got main ignition.
I swapped out the pilot light/flame sensor assembly on my furnace and it has been running great for over 300 hours now.
Matt