It would not necesarrily be the cause of poor fuel mileage however, it is NOT a diesel rated oil, particularily a 2000 / 2001 Cummins 24 valve.
Check to make sure that they indeed did use a 10W30. Maybe they wrote the wrong oil info on the sticker.
Either way, you should be using a 15W40 API CH-4 /SJ licensed oil in this truck. Minimum would be an APi CG-4 / SH 15W40.
A standard 10W30 oil is rated SJ / CF which is not rated for the combustion products produced by diesel engines. The additive package does not match the application. Kind of like putting car tires on a truck. They might fit but the load rating capacity does not match the application.
Good luck with your new truck.