Very good info above on the emissions stuff... .
Now, the downside of that emissions stuff is that the good fuel and oil (ci-4+) is harmful to the emissions equipment.
Cummins (and all other emissions compliant manufacturers) are of course going to say that their products meet the EPA requirements without any additives.
Oil companies all claim that the current CJ-4 oils are much better than the CI-4+ oils they replace.
Are they?
According to the oil comparison that TDR did a while back, the CJ-4 oils were all bottom shelf based on the minerals/chemicals that made the CI-4+ oils great. Are there new chemicals that replace and outperform the old ones? I don't know, but judging by the rest results from TDR's oil testing, I want to run the older oils.
Valvoline seems to be one of the few who still make their CI-4+ oil (Valvoline Blue Premium Classic) and it's not something I've been able to find here in town. The answer is obviously to add those chemicals back into the oil through an additive. Granted, I don't have the DPF/cats to worry about, and I'm not really concerned with my warranty (since I removed the most likely causes of problems), but anyone with a 5. 9 or emission-less 6. 7 should seriously consider it as well.
The fuel side isn't much different - my understanding is that the ultra low sulfur doesn't lubricate nearly as well as the older fuel. Again, how to get the protection back - dump stuff in the tank.
I'm also running over a thousand dollars worth of aftermarket fuel and oil filtration. Why? Because I beat the hell out of it - ~5000 miles of towing a ~15000 pound trailer from one corner of the country to the opposite when I first bought it (at 45k miles) and once a month or so I hook up to a 40k pound sled and yank it around a bit. I want to get 500k+ miles out of it. I'll probably have to put axles under it, driveshafts, maybe a new frame, transfer case, transmission, etc. etc. etc. , but the engine should be golden.