Concrete and the soil that lies under it can be a very complex issue, that's why some people have degrees in the subject. Before you place any concrete, the first thing you have to do is find out all you can about underlying soil. This can effect the strength of concrete, how much steel if any and many other admixtures you decide to put in the concrete mix. If you have doubts of questions about the underlying soil, have some holes drilled and sampled. Then get it analyzed. If you have CH clay (fat clay), expansives soils, peat in the soil, gumbo or other unsuitable foundation soils, you may be required to remove it or part of it and replaced with something more suitable such as granular material. If on the other hand you have granular soil (sand and graver), your lucky, because granular soil provided good drainage. On a small slab the least I would do is dig postholes as deep as you can. If you need help in analyzing the soil, get it. It doesn't necessarily have to be a Civil Engineer, it can be a Soils Lab Technician or a concrete Contractor with many years of experience, such as our own TDR, GFritsch.
Once you have determined the underlying soil and what to do about it, you design the sub-base and the concrete for the load you plan to put on it. There is so much to know about the foundation and the properties of concrete. Then you have all the additives you can put into the mix, such as rebar, 6x6 mesh, fiber, as mentioned, air, accelerators and many more. If I am doing outside concrete, I'll use 5% "air". It helps control surface spalling in freezing weather. Some use more then 5%, but it becomes too difficult to finish. Again the most important thing to do to concrete is proper curing.