A view some have missed in this thread....
There a few items that everyone has missed .....
HEAT. and the piston engine. No one in the last 50 years has delt with the heat issue of engines, heat is a wasted bi-product of ignighting a fuel, IE wasted energy that nets nothing for fuel economy, emmisions controlls use heat to produce a clean tail pipe but nothing for economy,
Pistion Engine. It moves, moving it takes energy, it creats its own heat and frition, Again nothing has changed sense day 1
What has happend the past 50 years
Hybrids 40ish MPG
Electric and gas engine, amazingly turning off the engine at a stop light saves gas

and using a small engine + a electric motor to start going again and using braking power to recoop lost energy also makes the MPG go UP.
But still poor econmy if you ask me.
Would love to see a VW hybrid, small 2 or 3 cylinder diesel with a German designed electric system, should be really cool.
VW continues the diesel with excelent results.
Fuel cells, don't know much about them but, I don't ever remember hearing about a pistion in the equation. Oo.
Also some of the most efficiant ways of driving a car or truck are also some of the most boring and or time consuming ways, or non pratical. imagine a reactor in your car
One last comment, "assuming trailer use" A big semi and the CTD were designed to Haul heavy items, a common semi in the US is close to 80,000 LBS every day, and designed to be loaded at 80,000 every day. and gets 6-10 MPG depending on speed, terrain traveling accross, and driver habits.
A CTD every every day weighs in at 8,000 lbs and is designed to be at about 24,000 "again assuming trailer use" but I can only assume was designed to be at 24,000 every day. Other wise those of us who actually used the truck at 24,000 would destroy it in a matter of a few miles.
at max weight I acheve anywhere from 9 - 12 again depending on terrarin traveling accross, driver habits, and top speed.
So if we look at efficancy the Semi is better IE moves more material in a mile then I can with a CTD.
If we look at efficancy of moving my lazy *** "IE not walking that mile" the CTD is better, but than again the VW TDI is better still and then there is the hybrid if driven right, could do it all under electric power, so best economy of all
Ah but if we look at the efficancy of each semi and CTD the CTD wins
empty semi weighs in at about 40,000 lbs carrys about 40,000 for a max of 80,000 lbs 50% load at 6-10 MPG
a CTD weights in empty with a flat bed trailer at about 12,000 for a max of about 24,000 50% load at 9-12 MPG about a 50% gain in economy comparing 6 and 9 MPG