"Total War"
The nature of the war that the Union initiated against the citizens of Missouri and elsewhere in the South has been termed, "total war", where civilians became the targets as well as the soldiers in the Confederate Army. These civilians not only included men but also women and children. This policy of total war was put into practice, ironically, by a St. Louisan named William T. Sherman, who became the North's most notorious general. Gen. Sherman ruthlessly declared, "The government of the U. S. has any and all rights which they choose to enforce in war--to take their lives, their homes, their lands, their everything... war is simply unrestrained by Constitution... To the persistent secessionist, why, death is mercy, and the quicker he or she is disposed of the better... " (Maj. Gen. W. T. Sherman, 31 Jan 1864). This war on citizens was not simply restrained to be applied against men and women but also children. Gen. Sherman in a (21 June 1864) letter to Lincoln's Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, wrote, "There is a class of people men, women, and children, who must be killed or banished before you can hope for peace and order. " A reply from the Lincoln administration (Stanton), reads, "Your letter of the 21st of June has just reached me and meets my approval. " While the war on civilians started much earlier than 1864, the above is simply proof that the war on children was part of that scheme also.
In Missouri, arresting and inprisoning civilians started almost immediately with the start of the war. Simply for expressing sympathy for the South or for that matter being an vocal anti-war democrat would land someone in prison. Parents who sent their sons in the Confederate Army "care boxes" of cookies, warm socks/gloves, if found were arrested for "care and comfort of the enemy". Out in western Missouri, seventeen young ladies who were family of Quantrill's men were arrested. On Aug 14, 1863 the old building in Kansas City, used as their prison collapsed crushing four , badly hurting many others. This was a building unfit for human habitation. Even a Union doctor had urged that the prisoners be taken to a more safe location. It was later found that supports for this structure were undermined causing the deaths of five, and the severe injury of many others. Among the dead were the oldest sister of Bill Anderson; a sister and sister-in-law of John McCorkle; and a cousin of Cole Younger. Among the seriously hurt was Anderson's youngest sister, ten year old Mary, who would be crippled for life. Crowds gathered around the ruins as the dead and wounded were carried off. Soldiers fixed bayonets as shouts of "Murder!" intensified. This event is was what ignited William Anderson to be forever known as, "Bloody Bill" Anderson, as he took revenge for the family loss he received at the hands of the Federals. This also was the powder keg that sent Quantrill's men on a "suicidal raid" on Lawrence, deep in Yankee territory.
While Gen. Sherman perfected "total war" on civilians, but his brother-in-law, Gen. Thomas Ewing put it into practice in Missouri, by issuing Order Number 11 in retaliation for Quantrill's Lawrence raid [which left all men of the town dead, except for Jayhawk leader, Jim Lane, who was either hiding in a corn crib or outhouse pit, according to which source one believes. True to Quantrill's oath, the women and children of Lawrence were not physically harmed in any way]. This has been called by one historian as "the harshest act of the U. S. government against its own people in American history". The order ruined thousands of lives in Missouri for people living in an area 85 miles long by 50 miles wide. This area covered the counties of Jackson, Vernon, Cass, and Bates. Over 20,000 families were affected by this. Everyone in this area were required to vacate within 15 days and move to "posts" (concentration camps) garrisoned by Union soldiers. Anything that could not be carried away was either stolen or destroyed. Homes, and crops burned. No exceptions were allowed, even those who were sick had to comply.
Furthermore no assistance was giving to civilians in their forced move. Some had no transportation so were forced to leave everything they owned behind. Many of the families managed to escape South away from Federal control, but that was a land already ravaged by the Yankees and provided little hope. "Barefooted and bareheaded women and children, stripped of every article of clothing except a scant covering for their bodies, exposed to the heat of an August sun and struggling through the dust on foot. " During the process of moving, Jayhawkers and other Union soldiers looted the caravans and executed victims at leisure. For instance one family near Lone Jack, Missouri was halted by soldiers and interrogated. Six males, ranging from age 17 to 75 were held back while the rest of the family was ordered to proceed. The family some distance off heard gunshots and when they returned all six family members were killed.
Several Union soldiers strongly objected to the carrying out of this order. Lt. Col. Bazel Lazear wrote, "It's heart-sickening to see what I have seen since I have been back here. A desolated country and men & women and children, some of them almost naked. Some on foot and some in wagons. Oh God. " Missouri artist and Union soldier, George Caleb Bingham, declared to General Ewing, "I don't approve of your order, and I sincerely believe it is unjust and will cause much suffering among innocent people. " After asking the general to remove the order, Ewing replied, "Rescind it ! Rescind it ! That is impossible. I wouldn't if I could. It is a preposterous request and reveals a lack of knowledge of the military requirements of this department. " Bingham replied, "I do not take issue on whether I lack or possess any military knowledge, but I do not lack a sense of what is just and right, and that order is neither. " Eventually Ewing tired of arguing the matter and declared, "Mister Bingham, you can get out of here. " Bingham made one last attempt to persuade the General by warning, "If you persist in executing this order, I shall make you infamous with my pen and brush so far as I am able. " Bingham was true to his word and painted his famous painting, "Order Number Eleven" which portrays Gen. Ewing near two soldiers that are murdering citizens and a women begging for mercy.