I'm preeety sure that 123Q has a BUNCH to do with the load rating... I 'think' the E rating and 10 ply are the standard old way of rating. vs. the 123q deal might include some other variables beyond that including pressure and tests done upon the tire...
"The load range or ply rating branded on a tire's sidewall helps identify its strength and ability to contain air pressure. While specific load ranges are assigned to passenger tires, load ranges are identified in ascending alphabetical order for light truck tires (the further along the letter is in the alphabet, the stronger the tire and the greater amount of air pressure it can withstand and load it can carry). Before load ranges were adopted, ply ratings were used to identify the relative strength of light truck tires with higher numerical values assigned to tires featuring stronger, heavier duty constructions.
Today's load range/ply ratings do not count the actual number of body ply layers found inside the tire, but indicate an equivalent strength based on early bias ply tires. Most radial passenger tires have one or two body plies, and light truck tires, even those with heavy duty ratings (10-, 12- or 14-ply rated), actually have only two or three fabric body plies, or one steel ply. "
Another thing that I notice when researching tires etc. is that as the tire grows larger the pressure needed to withstand a certain load decreases. Many 10ply E rated tires 35" and larger only require 50-65psi max cold pressure and still have a higher load rating than the standard 235/85. R16E or 265/75. R16E 80psi max cold pressure tires we're all used to seeing as standard on 3/4-1 ton trucks.
as far as the 123q - this is the load index and speed rating
i. e. - The first three digits (123Q) represent the tire's load index and are followed by a single letter (123Q) identifying the tire's speed rating.
"The higher the tire's load index number, the greater its load carrying capacity. "
http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/lighttruck/loadrange.jsp
http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/general/speed.jsp
http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/general/size_information.jsp
Hope this helps...
Josh