Thanks for the reply Joe, and thanks for the help in past posts. I guess I didn't leave enough information in my last post- what started this was a leaking head gasket. I just replaced it, and tried to prime the fuel system with the primer 'bulb'. It was squirting fuel around the rubber plunger boot, and I could only get a small amount of fuel in the filter after quite a long time of priming, so I tried replacing the o-rings with NAPA ones, that didn't work. So I replaced the plunger and o-rings with parts from another old lift pump I'd replaced on another truck(I rarely throw parts away, no matter how bad they are. LOL)
Well the old parts didn't work, and since removing the starter and fuel pump multiple times started to wear on my patience, I replaced it with a new one from O'Reilly auto parts. It says it's an Airtex on the package and computer, but there was a Carter pump in the box- total of 153. 00 after tax. That was the cheapest I could find at any of the chain parts houses- didn't check with cummins or dodge.
So, now the primer plunger is working, just got the truck running a few minutes ago. It's a shame we can't rebuild these pumps- they're not real complex. I did find a thread that mentioned a part number for a rebuild kit from cummins, but it is for the C series, and apparently no one has been able to get the kit from cummins. I'll post a link to the thread if I can recall which one it was.
BTW, after reading your advice Joe, and nearly having a meltdown on one of my trucks, we've removed the fuel heater or otherwise disabled it on all 6 of our CTD trucks. I have received your fuel system write up, and it has proven helpful- thanks Joe!
I am fairly sure that the plunger o-ring was causing my problems, and not an air leak somewhere else- it had shown no fuel system symptoms in the recent past. I don't think the pump is bad, but the o-ring just didn't seem to help for me...