Dunno if you're a boater, but the closest analogy is the lanyard on a small outboard engine or a jetski. If you fall off the jetski/out of the rowboat, the lanyard attached around your wrist goes with you and kills the engine so it won't go out of control. . The breakaway box is the same. If the trailer falls off (entirely, including the safety chains), the lanyard pulls a pin and the trailer brakes activate.
I think the safety standard is that it has to stop the trailer and hold it on some degree of grade for 15 minutes before the battery dies.